List of finance topics

Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance:

Essence of finance

The term finance may incorporate any of the following:

• The study of money and other assets
• The management and control of those assets
• Profiling and managing project risks
• As a verb, "to finance" is to provide funds for business.

Branches of finance

• Personal finance
• Corporate finance
• Public finance
• Project Finance
• Trade finance

Fundamental financial concepts

• Finance an overview
  • Arbitrage
  • Capital (economics)
  • Capital asset pricing model
  • Cash flow
  • Cash flow matching
  • Debt
    • Default
    • Consumer debt
    • Debt consolidation
    • Debt settlement
    • Credit counseling
    • Bankruptcy
    • Debt diet
    • Debt-snowball method
  • Discounted cash flow
  • Financial capital
    • Funding
  • Financial modeling
  • Entrepreneur
    • Entrepreneurship
  • Fixed income analysis
  • Gap financing
  • Hedge
    • Basis risk
  • Interest rate
    • Risk-free interest rate
    • Term structure of interest rates
  • Short rate model
    • Vasicek model
    • Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model
    • Hull-White model
    • Chen model
    • Black-Derman-Toy model
  • Interest
    • Effective interest rate
    • Nominal interest rate
    • Interest rate basis
    • Fisher equation
    • Crowding out
    • Annual percentage rate
    • Interest coverage ratio
  • Investment
    • Foreign direct investment
    • Gold as an investment
    • Over-investing
  • Leverage
  • Locked-in value
  • Long (finance)
  • Liquidity
  • Margin (finance)
  • Mark to future
  • Mark to market
  • Market Impact
  • Medium of exchange
  • Microcredit
  • Money creation
  • Money
    • Currency
    • Coin
    • Banknote
    • Counterfeit
  • Portfolio
    • Modern portfolio theory
  • Reference rate
    • Reset
  • Return
    • Absolute return
    • Investment performance
    • Relative return
  • Right-financing
  • Risk
    • Risk management
    • Risk measure
      • Coherent risk measure
      • Spectral risk measure
      • Value at Risk
  • Scenario analysis
  • Short (finance)
  • Speculation
    • Day trading
  • Position trader
  • Spread
  • Standard of deferred payment
  • Store of value
  • Time horizon
  • Time value of money
    • Discounting
    • Present value
    • Future value
    • Net present value
    • Internal rate of return
    • Modified internal rate of return
    • Annuity
    • Perpetuity
  • Unit of account
  • Volatility
  • Yield
  • Yield curve

History of finance

• Tulip mania 1620s/1630s
• South Sea Bubble & Mississipi Company 1710s; see also Stock market bubble
• Panic of 1837
• Railway mania 1840s
• Erie War 1860s
• Long Depression 1873 to 1896
• Post-WWI hyperinflation; see Hyperinflation and Inflation in the Weimar Republic
• Wall Street Crash 1929
• Great Depression 1930s
• Oil Shock 1973
• 1979 energy crisis
• Notable Bankrupts
• Savings and Loan Crisis 1980s
• Black Monday 1987
• Asian financial crisis 1990s
• Dot-com bubble 1995-2001
• Stock market downturn of 2002
• United States housing bubble 2001-

Finance terms, by field

Accounting (financial record keeping)

• Auditing
• Accounting software
• Book keeping
• FASB
• Financial accountancy
  • Financial statements
    • Balance sheet
    • Cash flow statement
    • Income statement
• Management accounting
• Philosophy of Accounting
• Working capital

Banking

• Anonymous banking
• Automatic teller machine
• Deposit
• Deposit creation multiplier
• Loan
  • Pre-qualification
  • Pre-approval
  • Subprime
• Withdrawal

Corporate finance

• Balance sheet analysis
  • Financial ratio
• Business plan
• Capital budgeting
  • Capital investment decisions
  • The investment decision
    • Business valuation
    • Stock valuation
    • Fundamental analysis
    • Real options
    • Valuation topics
    • Fisher separation theorem
  • The financing decision
    • Capital structure
    • Cost of capital
    • Weighted average cost of capital
    • Modigliani-Miller theorem
  • The Dividend Decision
    • Dividend
    • Dividend tax
    • Dividend yield
    • Modigliani-Miller theorem
• Corporate action
• Managerial finance
  • Management accounting
• Mergers and acquisitions
  • leveraged buyout
  • takeover
  • corporate raid
• Real options
• Return on investment
  • Return on assets
  • Return on equity
  • Return on capital
• Working capital management
  • cash conversion cycle
  • Return on capital
  • Economic value added
  • Just In Time
  • Economic order quantity
  • Discounts and allowances
  • Factoring (trade)

Investment management

• Fund management
  • Active management
  • Efficient market hypothesis
  • Portfolio
  • Modern portfolio theory
    • Capital asset pricing model
  • Arbitrage pricing theory
  • Passive management
    • Index fund
  • Activist shareholder
  • Mutual fund
    • Open-end fund
    • Closed-end fund
    • List of mutual-fund families
  • Financial engineering
    • Long-Term Capital Management
  • Hedge fund
  • Hedge
• Visualization of Financial Implications

Personal finance

• 529 plan (college savings)
• Budget
• Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESAs, formerly known as Education IRAs)
• Credit and debt
  • Credit card
  • Debt consolidation
  • Mortgage loan
    • Continuous-repayment mortgage
• Debit card
• Direct deposit
• Employment contract
  • Commission
  • Employee stock option
  • Employee or fringe benefit
  • Health insurance
  • Paycheck
  • Salary
  • Wage
• Financial literacy
• Insurance
• Predatory lending
• Retirement plan
  • 401(a)
  • 401(k)
  • 403(b)
  • 457 plan
  • Keogh plan
  • Individual Retirement Account
    • Roth IRA
    • Traditional IRA
    • SEP IRA
    • SIMPLE IRA
    • Conduit IRA
  • Pension
• Social security
• Tax advantage
• Wealth
• Comparison of accounting software
• Personal financial management
  • Comparison of personal financial management online tools
• Investment club
• Collective investment scheme
• Car financing

Public finance

• Central bank
• Federal Reserve
• Fractional-reserve banking
  • Deposit creation multiplier
• Tax
  • Capital gains tax
  • Estate tax (and inheritance tax)
  • Gift tax
  • Income tax
  • Inheritance tax
  • Payroll tax
  • Property tax (including land value tax)
  • Sales tax (including value added tax, excise tax, and use tax)
  • Transfer tax (including stamp duty)
  • Tax advantage
  • Tax, tariff and trade
• crowding out
• Industrial policy
• Agricultural policy
• Currency union
• Monetary reform

Insurance

• Actuarial science
• Annuities
• Catastrophe modeling
• Earthquake loss
• Extended coverage
• Insurable interest
• Insurable risk
• Insurance
  • Health insurance
    • Injury cover
    • Disability insurance
    • Flexible spending account
    • Health savings account
    • Long term care insurance
    • Medical savings account
  • Life insurance
    • Life insurance tax shelter
    • Permanent life insurance
    • Term life insurance
    • Universal life insurance
    • Variable universal life insurance
    • Whole life insurance
  • Property insurance
    • Auto insurance
    • Boiler insurance
    • Earthquake insurance
    • Home insurance
    • Title insurance
    • Pet insurance
  • Casualty insurance
    • Business continuation insurance
    • Fidelity bond
    • Liability insurance
      • Personal umbrella liability policy
      • Commercial general liability policy
    • Political risk insurance
    • Surety bond
    • Terrorism insurance
  • Credit insurance
  • Reinsurance
  • Self insurance
  • Travel insurance
• Insurance contract
• Risk Retention Group

Economics and finance

• Economic growth
• Financial economics
• Mathematical economics
• Managerial economics
• Utility theory

Mathematics and finance

Time value of money

• Present value
• Future value
• Discounting
• Net present value
• Internal rate of return
• Annuity
• Perpetuity

Financial mathematics

Mathematical tools

• Probability
  • Probability distribution
    • Binomial distribution
    • Log-normal distribution
    • Poisson distribution

• Expected value
• Value at risk
  • CVaR
  • Cash at risk
• Risk-neutral measure

• Stochastic calculus
  • Markov process
  • Brownian motion
  • Itô's lemma
  • Girsanov's theorem
  • Radon–Nikodym derivative
  • Martingale representation theorem
  • Feynman–Kac formula
  • Dynkin's formula
  • Stochastic differential equations

• Monte Carlo methods in finance
  • Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
  • Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance

• Partial differential equations
  • Heat equation
  • Finite difference method

• Volatility
  • ARCH model
  • GARCH model

Derivatives pricing

• Rational pricing assumptions
  • Risk neutral valuation
  • Arbitrage free pricing

• Futures
  • Futures contract pricing

• Options (and Real options)
  • Black-Scholes formula
  • Black model
  • Binomial options model
  • Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
  • Finite difference methods for option pricing
  • The Greeks
  • Volatility
    • Implied volatility
    • Historical volatility
    • Stochastic volatility
    • Volatility smile
      • Volatility surface
      • SABR Volatility Model

• Swaps
  • Swap Valuation

• Interest rate derivatives
  • Short-rate models (used in pricing bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives)
    • Rendleman-Bartter model
    • Vasicek model
    • Ho-Lee model
    • Hull-White model
    • Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model
    • Black-Karasinski model
    • Black-Derman-Toy model
    • Longstaff-Schwartz model
    • Chen model

Constraint finance

• Creditary economics
• Environmental finance
• Feminist economics
• Green economics
• Islamic economics
• Uneconomic growth
• Value of Earth
• Value of life

Virtual finance

• Virtual finance

Financial markets

Market and instruments

• Capital markets
• Securities
• Financial markets
• Primary market
• Initial public offering
• Aftermarket
• Free market
• Bull market
• Bear market
• Bear market rally
• Market maker
• Dow Jones Industrial Average
• Nasdaq
• List of stock exchanges
• List of stock market indices
• List of corporations by market capitalization

Equity market

• Stock market
• Stock
• Common stock
• Preferred stock
• Treasury stock
• Equity investment
• Index investing
• Private Equity
• Financial reports and statements
• Fundamental analysis
• Dividend
• Dividend yield
• Stock split

Equity valuation

• Dow Theory
• Elliott Wave Theory
• Economic value added
• Fibonacci retracement
• Gordon model
• Growth stock
• Mergers and acquisitions
• Leveraged buyout
• Takeover
• Corporate raid
• PE ratio
• Market capitalization
• Income per share
• Stock valuation
• Technical analysis
• Chart patterns
• V-trend

Investment theory

• Behavioral finance
• Dead cat bounce
• Efficient market hypothesis
• Market microstructure
• Stock market crash
• Stock market bubble
• January effect
• Mark Twain effect
• Quantitative behavioral finance
• Quantitative analyst
• Statistical arbitrage

Bond market

• Bond (finance)
• Zero-coupon bond
• Junk bonds
• Convertible bond
• Accrual bond
• Municipal bond
• Sovereign bond
• Bond valuation
  • Yield to maturity
  • Bond duration
  • Bond convexity
• Fixed income

Money market

• Repurchase agreement
• International Money Market
• Currency
• Exchange rate
• International currency codes
• Table of historical exchange rates

Commodity market

• Commodity
  • Asset
  • Commodity Futures Trading Commission
  • Day trading
  • Drawdowns
  • Forfaiting
  • Fundamental analysis
  • Futures contract
  • Fungibility
  • Gold as an investment
  • Hedging
  • Jesse Lauriston Livermore
  • List of traded commodities
  • MACD
  • Ownership equity
  • Position trader
  • Risk (Futures)
  • Seasonal traders
  • Seasonal spread trading
  • Slippage
  • Speculation
  • Spread
  • Technical analysis
    • Breakout
    • Bear market
    • Bottom (technical analysis)
    • Bull market
    • Moving average
    • Open Interest
    • Parabolic SAR
    • Point and figure charts
    • Resistance
    • RSI
    • Stochastic oscillator
    • Stop loss
    • Support
    • Top (technical analysis)
  • Trade
  • Trend

Derivatives market

• Derivative (finance)
• (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing)
• Underlying instrument

Forward markets and contracts

• Forward contract

Futures markets and contracts

• Backwardation
• Contango
• Futures contract
  • Currency futures
  • Financial futures
  • Interest rate futures
  • Futures exchange

Option markets and contracts

• Options
  • Stock option
    • Box spread
    • Call option
    • Put option
    • Strike price
    • Put-call parity
    • The Greeks
    • Black-Scholes formula
    • Black model
    • Binomial options model
    • Implied volatility
    • Option time value
    • Moneyness
      • At-the-money
      • In-the-money
      • Out-of-the-money
    • Straddle
    • Option style
      • Vanilla option
      • Exotic option
      • Binary option
      • European option
        • Interest rate floor
        • Interest rate cap
      • Bermudan option
      • American option
      • Quanto option
      • Asian option
    • Employee stock option
  • Warrants
  • Foreign exchange option
  • Interest rate options
  • Bond options
  • Real options
  • Options on futures

Swap markets and contracts

• Swap (finance)
  • Interest rate swap
  • Basis swap
  • Asset swap
  • Forex swap
  • Stock swap
  • Equity swaps
  • Currency swap
  • Variance swap

Derivative markets by underlyings

Equity derivatives

• Accelerated Market Participation Securities (AMPS)
• Accelerated Return Equity Securities (ARES)
• Asset Return Obligation Securities (ASTROS)
• Automatic Common Exchange Securities (ACES)
• Basket Adjusting Structured Equity Securities (BASES)
• Basket Opportunity Exchangeable Securities (BOXES)
• Bifurcated Option Note Unit Securities (BONUSES)
• Broad Index Guarded Equity-Linked Securities (BRIDGES)
• Canadian Originated Preferred Securities (COPrS)
• Closed-end fund
• Commodity-Indexed Preferred Securities (ComPS)
• Common-Linked Higher Income Participation Securities (CHIPS)
• Common stock
• Contract for difference (CFD)
• Convertible Contingent Debt Securities (CODES)
• Corporate-Backed Trust Securities (CorTS)
• Corporate Obligation Basket Listed Trust Securities (COBALTS)
• Currency Protected Notes (CPNS), (SPNS)
• Currency Protected Securities (CPS)
• Customized Upside Basket Securities (CUBS)
• Debt Exchangeable for Common Stock (DECS)
• Equity Growth Long-Term Strategy (EGLS)
• Enhanced Equity-Linked Debt Securities (ELKS)
• Enhanced Income Securities (EISs)
• Enhanced Stock Index Growth Notes (E-SIGNS)
• Equity Providing Preferred Income Convertible Securities (EPPICS)
• Exchange Preferred Income Cumulative Shares (EPICS)
• Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
• Exchangeable Capital Units (ExCaps)
• Foreign Currency Return Notes (FORENS)
• Global Bond Linked Securities (GLOBELS)
• Hybrid Income Securities Units (HITS)
• Inverted Action Nullification (IAN)
• Income Deposit Securities (IDS)
• Inverse exchange-traded fund
• Leading Stockmarket Return Securities (LASERS)
• Leveraged Upside Indexed Accelerated Return Securities (LUNARS)
• Liquid Yield Option Notes (Zero Cupon) (LYONS)
• Mandatorily Exchangeable Debt Securities MEDS)
• Mandatory Adjustable Redeemable Convertible Securities (MARCS)
• Market Index Target Term Securities (MITTS)
• Market Participation Securities (MPS)
• Medium Term Equity Related Investment Securities (MERITS)
• Monthly Income Debt Securities (MIDS)
• Monthly Income Preferred Securities (MIPS)
• Participating Index Notes (PINS)
• Performance Equity-Linked Redemption Quarterly Pay Securities (PERQS)
• Performance Equity-Return Linked Securities (PERKS)
• Performance Leveraged Upside Securities (PLUS)
• Principal Accruing Enhanced Return Securities (PACERS)
• Preferred Equity Redemption Cumulative Stock (PERCS)
• Preferred Income Equity Redeemable Shares (PIERS)
• Preferred Redeemable Increased Dividend Equity Securities (PRIDES)
• Preferred stock
• Premium Equity Participating Securities (PEPS)
• Premium Income Equity Securities (PIES)
• Protected Exchangeable Equity-Linked Securities (PEEQS)
• Protected Growth Securities (ProGroS)
• Protected Performance Equity Linked Securities (PROPELS)
• Public Credit & Repackaged Securities (PCARS)
• Public Income Notes (PINES)
• Putable Automatic Rate Reset Securities (PARRS)
• Quarterly Income Capital Securities (QUICS)
• Quarterly Income Debt Securities (QUIDS)
• Quarterly Income Preferred Securities (QUIPS)
• Quarterly Interest Bond (QUIB)
• Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
• Reset Put Securities (REPS)
• Return Enhanced Convertible Securities (RECONS)
• Rights
• Risk Adjusting Equity Range Securities (RANGERS)
• Secure Principal Energy Receipts (SPERS)
• Select Equity Indexed Notes (SEQUINS)
• Senior Quarterly Income Debt Securities (SQUIDS)
• Shared Preference Redeemable Securities (SpuRS)
• Shares of Beneficial Interest (SBI)
• Step-Up Increasing Redeemable Equity Notes (SIRENS)
• Step-Up REIT Securities (StREITs)
• Stock Appreciation Income-Linked Securities (SAILS)
• Stock market Annual Reset Term (Notes) (SMART)
• Stock Participation Accreting Redemption Quarterly-pay Securities (SPARQS)
• Stock Return Income Debt Securities (STRIDES)
• Stock Upside Note Securities (SUNS)
• Structured Asset Trust Unit Repackaging (SATURNS)
• Structured Repackaged Asset-Backed Trust Securities (STRATS)
• Structured Yield Product Exchangeable for Common Stock (STRYPES)
• Subordinated Capital Income Securities (SKIS)
• Target Return Investment Growth Securities (TRIGGERS)
• Targeted Efficient Equity Securities (TEES)
• Targeted Growth Enhanced Terms Securities (TARGETS)
• Term Convertible Securities (TECONS)
• Threshold Appreciation Price Securities (TAPS)
• Trust Automatic Common Exchange Securities (TRACES)
• Trust Certificate (TRUC)
• Trust Investment Enhanced Return Securities (TIERS)
• Trust Issued Mandatory Exchange Securities (TIMES)
• Trust Originated Preferred Securities (TOPrS)
• Trust Preferred Stock (TruPs)
• Trust Units Exchangeable for Preference Shares (TrUEPrS)
• Warrants
• Warrants & Income Redeemable Equity Securities (WIRES)
• Yield Enhanced Equity-Linked Debt Securities (YEELDS)
• Yield Enhanced Stock (YES)

Interest rate derivatives

• LIBOR
• Forward rate agreement
• Interest rate swap
• Interest rate cap
• Exotic interest rate option
• Bond option
• Interest rate future
• Money market instruments
• Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds
• In-arrears Swap
• Constant maturity swap (CMS) or constant treasury swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors)
• Interest rate Swaption
• Bermudan swaptions
• Cross currency swaptions
• Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo)
• Target redemption note (TARN)
• CMS steepener
• Snowball
• Inverse floater
• Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation
• Ratchet caps and floors

Credit derivatives

• Credit default swap
• Collateralized debt obligation
• Credit default option
• Total return swap
• Securitization

Foreign exchange derivative

• Foreign exchange option
• Currency future
• Forex swap
• Foreign exchange hedge
• Binary option: Foreign exchange

Financial regulation

• Corporate governance
• Financial regulation
  • Bank regulation
    • Banking license
• License

Designations and accreditation

• Certified Financial Planner
• Chartered Financial Analyst
  • CFA Institute
• Chartered Financial Consultant
• Canadian Securities Institute
• Independent Financial Adviser
  • Chartered Insurance Institute
• Financial Risk Manager
• Chartered Accountant

Fraud

• Forex scam
• Insider trading
• Legal origins theory
• Petition mill
• Ponzi scheme

Industry bodies

• International Swaps and Derivatives Association
• National Association of Securities Dealers

Regulatory bodies

• Autorité des marchés financiers
• Bank for International Settlements
• Canadian securities regulation

United Kingdom

• Financial Services Authority (UK)

European Union

• European Securities Committee (EU)
• Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)

United States

• Commodity Futures Trading Commission (U.S.)
• Federal Reserve
• Federal Trade Commission
• Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (US)
• Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (US)
• Securities and Exchange Commission

United States legislation

• Glass-Steagall Act (US)
• Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (US)
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (US)
• Securities Act of 1933 (US)
• Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
• Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
• USA PATRIOT Act

Actuarial topics

• Actuarial topics

Asset types

• Real Estate
• Securities
• Commodities
• Futures

Raising capital

• Debt
• Factor

• Securities
  • Initial public offering

Valuation

• Value (economics)
• Fair value
• Intrinsic value
• "The Theory of Investment Value"

Discounted cash flow valuation

• Cash flow
  • Operating cash flow
• Time value of money
  • Present value
  • Future value
  • Actualization
  • Discounting
• Bond valuation
  • Yield to maturity
  • Duration
  • Convexity
• Equity valuation
  • Equivalent Annual Cost
  • Net present value
  • Discount rate
    • Capital Asset Pricing Model
    • Arbitrage pricing theory
    • Cost of capital
    • Weighted average cost of capital
  • Fundamental analysis
  • Stock valuation
  • Business valuation
  • The investment decision

Relative valuation

• Dividend yield
• Financial ratio
• Market-based valuation
• PE ratio
• Relative valuation
• Stock image
• Stock profile

Contingent claim valuation

Financial software tools

• Straight Through Processing Software
• Technical Analysis Software
• Algorithmic trading
• List of numerical analysis software
• Comparison of numerical analysis software

Financial institutions

Financial institutions

• Bank
  • List of banks
    • List of banks in Canada
    • List of banks in Hong Kong
    • List of banks in Singapore
    • List of bank mergers in United States
  • Advising bank
  • Central bank
    • List of central banks
  • Commercial bank
  • Community development bank
  • Cooperative bank
  • Custodian bank
  • Depository bank
  • Investment bank
  • Islamic banking
  • Merchant bank
  • Microcredit
  • Mutual bank
  • Mutual savings bank
  • National bank
  • Offshore bank
  • Private bank
  • Savings bank
  • Swiss bank
• Bank holding company
• Building society
• Clearing house
• Commercial lender
• Community development financial institution
• Credit rating agency
• Credit union
• Diversified financial
• Edge Act Corporation
• Export Credit Agencies
• Financial adviser
• Financial intermediary
• Financial planner
• Futures exchange
  • List of futures exchanges
• Government sponsored enterprise
• Hard money lender
• Independent Financial Adviser
• Industrial loan company
• Insurance regulatory
• Insurance company
• Investment adviser
• Investment company
• Investment trust
• Large and Complex Financial Institutions
• Mutual fund
• Non-banking financial company
• Prime brokerage
• Retail broker
• Savings and loan association
• Stock broker
• Stock exchange
  • List of stock exchanges
• Trust company

Persons influential in the field of finance

• List of corporate leaders

Finance scholars

• List of economists

Finance-related lists

• List of accounting topics
• List of management topics
• List of marketing topics
• List of economics topics
• List of international trade topics
• List of information technology management topics
• List of production topics
• List of business law topics
• List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics
• List of business theorists

See also

Finance portal

• Actuarial topics

External links

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Quotations from Wikiquote
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Images and media from Commons
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Learning resources from Wikiversity

• Wharton Finance Knowledge Project - aimed to offer free access to finance knowledge for students, teachers, and self-learners.
• Comprehensive site about topics of financial theory, with a focus in Corporate Finance, Valuation and Investments. Updated Data, Excel Spreadsheets and more. Prof. Aswath Damodaran
• For links to finance web sites, grouped by topic see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz-
• For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com
• For introductory articles, a full glossary and links to resources on behavioral finance see the BF gallery
• For the law of the financial markets see SECLaw.com
• For various shared blog posts on finance see fwisp.com
• For stock market related financial definitions see TheStreet.com Glossary
• The Finance Director provides access to essential suppliers of financial services and solutions
• Middle East Banking & Finance News — ArabianBusiness.com